4-4 - Research: UAS in the NAS.
Separation of manned
aircraft is controlled by the pilot, with the procedure that is called
seen-and-avoid, here the pilot scans out the window and look for traffic. This
procedure works for VFR and IFR flights. Another way of separation in manned
aircraft is thru the use of radars and in the airplanes equipped with a
transponder, the ATC established communication with the pilot of the aircraft
and services as vectors, en-route navigation information, weather, approaches,
and departures are provide to pilots. During the IFR Flights separation is
granted as the controllers sequence the aircraft in most of the steps of the
flight, all this is done via communication by radios. Actually, there are
military and commercial airplanes and some in general aviation using the ADS-B
technology with the possibility to see traffic around the aircraft. In the case
of UAS, the first level of separation to consider is when the Drone is operated
with the handle radio control and visual line of sight (LOS) is maintained by
the operator at all times. More advanced technology for BLOS has been designed
for the sense-and-avoid where the UAS can detect obstacles and transmit the
information to the ground station or flight aircraft where the remote pilot
will respond to the information. The cameras of the UAS cannot scan as the
human eye does. But their use help in the sense-and-avoid procedure when it is
been used by the ground station, Pilot. For UAS on semi-autonomous and
Autonomous systems with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms, the UAS
can take self-decisions for the procedure to perform in the event of
sense-and-avoid or separation Situation.
Sizes for UAS are grouped by category
1 to 5 and they are based in:
“Max gross weight, Normal operating altitude
and air speed. And according to with the airframe systems they are also
classified as High altitude long endurance (HALE), Medium Altitude Long
Endurance (MALE), Medium range or tactical (TUAV) and Close range (UAV), Mini
UAV (MUAV) Micro UAV, Nano air Vehicle (NAV), Unmanned combat air vehicle
(UCAR) Unmanned combat rotorcraft (UCAR), Vertical take-off UAV (VTUAV) and
Optionally Piloted aircraft (OPA)” (University, November 2015).
By comparing the UAS
airframe Systems, considerations for operation of the UAS into NAS are; the
Class of airspace, the equipment on board, capabilities of the aircraft, size,
ground and air control, and the mission.
The modern technology used in the manned aircraft should be considered to be
adapted to the UAS is the installation of transponders according to with the
FAA rules for Classes of airspace aircraft equipment requirement. Also, by
applying the FAA ADS-B (Administration, 2015) requirement for the UAS
operations. Regulations for the operation of the UAS with the FAA Next-Gen
programs should be used. Education, training and regulations to operate the UAS
into NAS should be established as in manned aircraft.
References
Administration, F. A.
(2015). NextGen Programs; ADS--B.
University, E.-R. A.
(November 2015). Unmanned Systems; Airframe, Flight Control, and
Powerplant Systems.
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