Analysis and Operational Risk Management (ORM)
for SUAS ScanEagle.
The ScanEagle is an autonomous small unmanned aerial
vehicle use with appropriated technology and with high reliability. The ScanEagle
can be used for military and commercial operations. It is been deployed in Iraq
war since 2004. Operational risk management will be done with the objective to
determine how some of the hazard issues of this ScanEagle vehicle could be
mitigate. Safety is the more important issue for the public in order to this
SUAV to be integrated to the NAS. Description of this system as;
“ScanEagle
carries a stabilized electro-optical and/or infrared camera on a lightweight
inertial stabilized turret system integrated with communications range over 62
miles (100 km), and flight endurance of 20+ hours. ScanEagle has a 10.2-foot
(3.1 m) wingspan a length of 4.5 feet (1.4 m) and a mass of 44 pounds (20 kg)
and can operate up to 80 knots (92 mph; 150 km/h), with an average cruising
speed of 48 knots (55 mph; 89 km/h). Block D aircraft featured a
higher-resolution camera, a custom-designed Mode C transponder and a new video
system. A Block D aircraft, flying at Boeing’s test range in Boardman, Oregon
set a type endurance record of 22 hours, 8 minutes”. For takeoff and landings This
SUVA, the “The ScanEagle needs no airfield for deployment. Instead, it is
launched using a pneumatic launcher. It is recovered using the “Skyhook”
retrieval system, which uses a hook on the end of the wingtip to catch a rope
hanging from a 30-to-50-foot (9.1 to 15 m) pole. This is made possible by
high-quality differential GPS units mounted on the top of the pole and UAV. The
rope is attached to a shock cord to reduce stress on the airframe imposed by
the abrupt stop” (ScanEagle, 2015) .
ScanEagle system is composed by four SAVs, “a ground
control station, remote video terminal, the Skyhook launch and recovery system” (ScanEagle,
2015) .
The system have a lot improvements in radar mounted aboard, design to provide
high quality real time ground imaging under bad weather and low visibility in
the battle. One other improvement was infrared camera for night operations.
Also using AWACS has the future to navigate over the mountains completed
autonomous.
Operationally the ScanEagle is part of the USA Navy and
serve in military operations in Afghanistan with a lot of missions in different
parts of the word. The manufactory
Insitu reports that the Scan Eagle has fly a total of half million hours and
over 56,000 missions by the year 2011.There was a reported on the year 2012 of
one Scan Eagle crash in Iran but not confirmed by the UAS Navy.
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The Scan
Eagle specifications are; “ Length 1.2
meters, wingspan 3 meters, ceiling 5944 meters, height 3 meters, Max takeoff
weight 20 Kg, Max Speed 148 Km/h, Range 100 Km” (ScanEagle,
2015) .
UAS RISK Assessment tool for ScanEagle.
We are going to consider, some of the issues for the risk
assessment, for the ScanEgle. Analysis and Evaluation is going to be review on
Hardware, software, Airspace to be used, Flight, Takeoff and Landing. For this
work we will be using the Risk assessment tool develop by (Barnhart,
October 2011) .
See the following page for the details of Risk assessment
for analysis and evaluation.
SUAS RISK ASSESMMENT TABLE.
UAS
Crew / station
“MISSION Experimental” Type |
Support |
Training |
Payload Check |
|
Hardware |
no /I |
no |
no |
yes/IV |
Software |
yes/I |
yes/II |
no |
yes/IV |
Airspace |
Special used/I |
Class C,E/II |
Class C,E/III |
Class G/IV |
Flight |
Day, Night/I |
CMR/II |
no |
Night/IV |
Take off |
Ship Only/I |
no |
no |
Day, Night/IV |
Landing |
Water Only I |
no |
no |
Day, Night/IV |
Forecast |
Bad weather I |
no |
no |
Night/IV |
Miss. Alti |
5944 Meters I |
Class E/II |
Class C/III |
yes/IV |
There are more human factors that could be put in
consideration if we extent this hazard analysis. This system has been used for
a while and it is very reliable for maritime applications, in military or
private sectors and it should be considered as a reliable SUAV to be integrated
in to the NAS. The development process of your
ORM Assessment Tool is doing at the completion of the Preliminary Hazard List
(PHL),
The first Hazard that we will analyze is (X1) during the
takeoff which is doing by launching the UAV, using
a pneumatic launcher from the ship. There were not accidents reported during
this process. The hazard is low and the recommendation of more automation after
the PHL analysis concluded that the system will be improved we will continuum
to use the PHL/A tool with the levels of
“Catastrophic
= I, Critical = II, Marginal = III, Negligible = IV”,
provide in (Barnhart, October 2011) .
Preliminary Hazard
List / Analysis (PHL/A)
Date 12/05/2015 Prepare By: Darnall Sanchez Page1 Of 5
“Operational Stage: __ Planning __ Staging
X Launch __ Flight __ Recovery
TRACK
|
HAZARD
|
PROBABILITY
|
SEVERITY
|
RL
|
MITIGATING
ACTION |
RRL
|
NOTES
|
X1
|
Low
|
C
|
III
|
8
|
More
automation
|
9
|
Improvement
|
“RL= Risk Level, RRL = Residual Risk Level Probability, Severity, and risk levels
defined in MIL-STD-882D/E” (Barnhart, October 2011)
The second Hazard to analyze and evaluated is (X2) and is
planning regarding with the operation during the preparation for the mission,
the hazard is low and has been evaluated as follow;
Date 12/05/2015 Prepare By: Darnall
Sanchez Page 2 Of 5
“Operational Stage: _X Planning __ Staging
__ Launch __ Flight
__ Recovery
TRACK
|
HAZARD
|
PROBABILITY
|
SEVERITY
|
RL
|
MITIGATING
ACTION |
RRL
|
NOTES
|
X2
|
Low
|
C
|
III
|
8
|
More
CMR
|
9
|
More
train
|
“RL= Risk Level, RRL =
Residual Risk Level Probability,
Severity, and risk levels defined in MIL-STD-882D/E” (Barnhart,
October 2011) .
The third hazard is Staging (X3), the hazard is
low and not action is require until more information is available.
Date12/05/2015 Prepare By: Darnall
Sanchez Page 3 Of 5
“Operational Stage: _ Planning X_ Staging
__ Launch __ Flight
__ Recovery
TRACK
|
HAZARD
|
PROBABILITY
|
SEVERITY
|
RL
|
MITIGATING
ACTION |
RRL
|
NOTES
|
X3
|
Low
|
C
|
III
|
8
|
None
|
8
|
Not
action req.
|
“RL= Risk Level, RRL = Residual Risk Level Probability, Severity, and risk levels
defined in MIL-STD-882D/E” (Barnhart, October 2011) .
The fourth Hazard is Flight. The UAS have records of lost
link, and it’s a high hazard. By improvement of new technology in GPS
navigation and link communications we will see a considerable improvement in
the system.
Date12/05/2015 Prepare By: Darnall
Sanchez Page 4 Of 5
“Operational Stage: _ Planning _ Staging
__ Launch X Flight
__ Recovery
TRACK
|
HAZARD
|
PROBABILITY
|
SEVERITY
|
RL
|
MITIGATING
ACTION |
RRL
|
NOTES
|
X4
|
high
|
C
|
II
|
4
|
GPS
link
|
6
|
Improvement
|
“RL= Risk Level, RRL = Residual Risk Level Probability, Severity, and risk levels
defined in MIL-STD-882D/E” (Barnhart, October 2011) .
The Fifth hazard analyze is Recovery. Recovery difficulties
during the bad weather or unquiet seas were reported. Other that lost the UAV,
the hazard was considered low. The recommendation after the analysis was the
improvement is the need of autonomous landing system.
Date12/05/2015 Prepare By: Darnall
Sanchez Page 5 Of 5
“Operational Stage: _ Planning _ Staging
__ Launch __ Flight
X Recovery
TRACK
|
HAZARD
|
PROBABILITY
|
SEVERITY
|
RL
|
MITIGATING
ACTION |
RRL
|
NOTES
|
X5
|
Low
|
B
|
II
|
4
|
Autonomous
landing
|
6
|
Improvement
|
“RL= Risk Level, RRL = Residual Risk Level Probability, Severity, and risk levels
defined in MIL-STD-882D/E” (Barnhart, October 2011) .
According to The Operational Hazard Review and Analysis
(OHR&A) to the small UAS ScanEagle, the recommendations of improvement to
reduce the risk in the hazards that this system actually has, and the potential
applications the ScanEagle can be used on. And finally the application to the ORM
Assessment Tool helped us on how the SUAS operators safely assess their ability
to accomplish the mission.
Description,
category and environmental excerpts from MIL-STD-882D/E
References
Barnhart, R. K. (October 2011). UNMANNED AIRCRAFT
SYSTEMS.
ScanEagle, B. I. (2015). Unmanned Systems And
Manufactures.
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